In most states, yes — general dentists can place braces or aligners without completing an orthodontic residency, as long as they're operating within their license. Regulations vary by state, so it's worth asking about their specific training.

Generally, yes. General dentists don't carry the overhead of specialist training, so their fees for braces or clear aligners tend to run lower than an orthodontist's. That said, price isn't the only factor — a lower cost is only a good deal if the treatment is planned and executed well, so it's worth weighing savings against experience with your specific case.

Board certification means the orthodontist has voluntarily completed additional testing through the American Board of Orthodontics, on top of their standard residency training. It's not required to practice, so an orthodontist can be fully licensed without it — but board certification is a good signal of someone who's gone further to demonstrate their skill.

Not necessarily right away — most kids start with a general dentist, who will refer them to an orthodontist if something needs specialist attention. The American Association of Orthodontists recommends a first orthodontic checkup by age 7, mainly to catch growth or bite issues early, even if treatment doesn't start until later.